肝细胞癌（HCC）是最常见的原发性肝癌，其特点是早期诊断困难、易发生远处转移、术后复发率高。细胞外囊泡（EV）是一类细胞衍生的颗粒，包括外泌体，其特征是磷脂双层。它们是细胞间通讯货物（包括蛋白质和核酸）的有效载体，并广泛参与肿瘤进展。人们正在探索它们作为潜在的肿瘤生物标志物和新的治疗途径。我们简要概述了电动汽车的生物起源和特征，以更好地了解其分类标准。本文重点综述EV相关蛋白在HCC领域的研究进展。 EV相关蛋白参与HCC中的肿瘤生长和调节，参与肿瘤微环境（TME）内的细胞间通讯，并参与肿瘤转移过程中的血管生成和上皮间质转化（EMT）等事件。此外，EV 相关蛋白对 HCC 具有良好的诊断功效。对于 HCC 的治疗，它们还表现出巨大的潜力，包括增强肿瘤疫苗的功效以及作为靶向货物锚。面对当前的挑战，我们提出了该领域未来的研究方向。最重要的是，对 EV 相关蛋白的研究有可能增强我们对 HCC 的理解，并为开发新的治疗策略提供新的见解。© 2024。作者。

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, characterized by difficulties in early diagnosis, prone to distant metastasis, and high recurrence rates following surgery. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a class of cell-derived particles, including exosomes, characterized by a phospholipid bilayer. They serve as effective carriers for intercellular communication cargo, including proteins and nucleic acids, and are widely involved in tumor progression. They are being explored as potential tumor biomarkers and novel therapeutic avenues. We provide a brief overview of the biogenesis and characteristics of EVs to better understand their classification standards. The focus of this review is on the research progress of EV-associated proteins in the field of HCC. EV-associated proteins are involved in tumor growth and regulation in HCC, participate in intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment (TME), and are implicated in events including angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during tumor metastasis. In addition, EV-associated proteins show promising diagnostic efficacy for HCC. For the treatment of HCC, they also demonstrate significant potential including enhancing the efficacy of tumor vaccines, and as targeting cargo anchors. Facing current challenges, we propose the future directions of research in this field. Above all, research on EV-associated proteins offers the potential to enhance our comprehension of HCC and offer novel insights for developing new treatment strategies.© 2024. The Author(s).