放射治疗（RT）在控制局部病灶的同时，能够诱导全身反应，抑制远处、转移性、非放射肿瘤，这被称为“远隔效应”。人们普遍认为放射治疗可以刺激全身免疫反应。这为免疫治疗联合放射治疗（iRT）提供了令人信服的理论基础。事实上，这种现象在临床治疗中也被观察到，为患者带来了显着的临床益处，并且一系列基础研究正在进行中以放大这种效果。然而，RT诱导免疫反应的分子机制、iRT最佳治疗方案的确定以及如何放大远隔效应。为了在临床管理中放大和利用这种效应，需要解决好这些关键问题；在这篇综述中，我们全面总结了日益增长的共识，并强调了放射治疗或免疫治疗增强远隔效应的新局限性。最后，我们讨论了当前临床转化应用的前景和障碍。© 2024。作者。

Radiotherapy (RT) controls local lesions, meantime it has the capability to induce systemic response to inhibit distant, metastatic, non-radiated tumors, which is referred to as the "abscopal effect". It is widely recognized that radiotherapy can stimulate systemic immune response. This provides a compelling theoretical basis for the combination of immune therapy combined with radiotherapy(iRT). Indeed, this phenomenon has also been observed in clinical treatment, bringing significant clinical benefits to patients, and a series of basic studies are underway to amplify this effect. However, the molecular mechanisms of immune response induced by RT, determination of the optimal treatment regimen for iRT, and how to amplify the abscopal effect. In order to amplify and utilize this effect in clinical management, these key issues require to be well addressed; In this review, we comprehensively summarize the growing consensus and emphasize the emerging limitations of enhancing the abscopal effect with radiotherapy or immunotherapy. Finally, we discuss the prospects and barriers to the current clinical translational applications.© 2024. The Author(s).