癌发生与长期肠道菌群失调和代谢变化的出现有关。越来越多的证据表明，肠道微生物群相关的生物标志物和以微生物群为中心的干预措施是克服免疫治疗耐药性的有前途的策略。然而，目前评估肠道微生物群组成的标准方法既费钱又费时。针对肠道屏障改变和生态失调的常规诊断工具的开发构成了一项未得到满足的关键医疗需求，可以指导癌症患者的常规治疗和以微生物群为中心的干预决策。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了肠道微生物群对癌症免疫治疗的影响，并重点介绍了有潜力转化为简单诊断工具的肠道相关生物标志物，从而指导免疫肿瘤学领域的标准治疗决策。利用癌症免疫监视、肠道微生物群和代谢之间复杂关系的机制见解为开发免疫肿瘤学中的新型生物标志物提供了令人兴奋的机会。

Carcinogenesis is associated with the emergence of protracted intestinal dysbiosis and metabolic changes. Increasing evidence shows that gut microbiota-related biomarkers and microbiota-centered interventions are promising strategies to overcome resistance to immunotherapy. However, current standard methods for evaluating gut microbiota composition are cost- and time-consuming. The development of routine diagnostic tools for intestinal barrier alterations and dysbiosis constitutes a critical unmet medical need that can guide routine treatment and microbiota-centered intervention decisions in patients with cancer. In this review, we explore the influence of gut microbiota on cancer immunotherapy and highlight gut-associated biomarkers that have the potential to be transformed into simple diagnostic tools, thus guiding standard treatment decisions in the field of immuno-oncology. Mechanistic insights toward leveraging the complex relationship between cancer immunosurveillance, gut microbiota, and metabolism open exciting opportunities for developing novel biomarkers in immuno-oncology.