骨髓增生异常综合征 (MDS) 和急性髓系白血病 (AML) 是造血干细胞的异质性肿瘤，诊断、区分和预测具有挑战性。细胞遗传学和突变分析对人类有用，但对狗却无法使用，狗的诊断和分类仍然主要依赖于血液学和形态学评估。本研究的目的是将分类方案应用于骨髓肿瘤并评估与预测变量相关的结果。实验室数据库的关键字搜索、顺序排除标准的应用以及 3 位评价者的共识得出了 70 例骨髓瘤病例，并附有血液学结果和细胞学 (11)、组织学 (14) 或两者 (45) 类型的骨髓标本。根据原始细胞百分比和形态，42 例被分类为 MDS，28 例被分类为 AML。与患有 AML 的狗相比，患有 MDS 的狗的体重、血红蛋白浓度和原始血显着较低，红细胞大小变异性和血小板数量较高。使用 Kaplan-Meier 曲线估计患有 MDS 和 AML 的犬的中位生存期分别为 384 天和 6 天（P < .001）。患有 MDS 的狗的瞬时死亡风险比患有 AML 的狗低约 5 倍。生存的重要预测变量是体重、白细胞计数、血小板计数和原始细胞百分比 (P < .05)。中性粒细胞增加、血小板减少和原始细胞增加的最佳拟合 Cox 回归模型得出的风险比 (HR) 分别为 1.043、0.998 和 1.061。这项研究的结果表明，血液学和形态学变量可用于预测骨髓瘤的结果。

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are heterogeneous neoplasms of hematopoietic stem cells that are challenging to diagnose, differentiate, and prognosticate. Cytogenetic and mutational analyses are useful in humans but unavailable for dogs, where diagnosis and classification still rely largely on hematologic and morphologic assessment. The objectives of this study were to apply a classification scheme to myeloid neoplasms and to assess outcome in relation to predictor variables. Keyword search of a laboratory database, application of sequential exclusion criteria, and consensus from 3 reviewers yielded 70 cases of myeloid neoplasia with hematology results, and cytologic (11), histologic (14), or both (45) types of marrow specimens. Based on blast percentage and morphology, 42 cases were classified as MDS and 28 as AML. Dogs with MDS had significantly lower body weights, hemoglobin concentrations and blood blasts, and higher red blood cell size variability and platelet numbers than dogs with AML. Estimates of median survival using Kaplan-Meier curves for dogs with MDS and AML were 384 and 6 days, respectively (P < .001). The instantaneous risk of death for dogs with MDS was approximately 5× lower than that of dogs with AML. Significant predictor variables of survival were body weight, white blood cell count, platelet count, and percent blood blasts (P < .05). Hazard ratios (HRs) derived from best-fitting Cox regression models were 1.043, 0.998, and 1.061 for increased neutrophils, decreased platelets, and increased blood blasts, respectively. Findings from this study suggest that hematologic and morphologic variables are useful to predict outcomes in myeloid neoplasia.