在十二条脑神经中，九条为头部和颈部的肌肉提供运动神经支配。受影响的肌肉会发生一系列可预测的时间变化，从而导致运动神经供应的丧失或去神经支配。尽管每次变化之间的时间长度明显不同，但去神经支配通常分为三个不同的时间点：（a）急性，（b）亚急性和（c）慢性。这些肌肉变化会在图像上产生特征性发现，而对比增强 MRI 是首选的评估方式。影像学使放射科医生不仅可以识别去神经支配，还可以评估去神经支配的程度并定位潜在的损伤部位。然而，这些发现可能很容易被误认为具有类似表现的其他疾病，例如肿瘤、感染和炎症。因此，放射科医生必须熟悉颅神经解剖结构和去神经模式，这样他们才能避免这些潜在的陷阱，并将成像搜索重点放在受影响神经的通路上。在本文中，回顾了头部和颈部运动颅神经支配的解剖结构和肌肉、去神经支配以及相关的预期成像模式，并提供了潜在陷阱和去神经支配模仿的示例。 ©RSNA，2024。

Of the twelve cranial nerves, nine supply motor innervation to the muscles of the head and neck. Loss of this motor nerve supply, or denervation, follows a series of predictable chronologic changes in the affected muscles. Although the length of time between each change is markedly variable, denervation is typically classified into three distinct time points: (a) acute, (b) subacute, and (c) chronic. These muscle changes produce characteristic findings on images, with contrast-enhanced MRI being the preferred modality for assessment. Imaging allows radiologists to not only identify denervation but also evaluate the extent of denervation and localize the potential site of insult. However, these findings may be easily mistaken for other diseases with similar manifestations, such as neoplasm, infection, and inflammatory conditions. As such, it is fundamental for radiologists to be familiar with cranial nerve anatomy and denervation patterns so that they can avoid these potential pitfalls and focus their imaging search on the pathway of the affected nerve. In this article, the anatomy and muscles innervated by motor cranial nerves in the head and neck, denervation, and the associated expected imaging patterns are reviewed, and examples of potential pitfalls and denervation mimics are provided. ©RSNA, 2024.