急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）是异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后的主要并发症，严重影响患者的生存和生活质量。尽管标准治疗取得了进步，但治疗结果仍然不理想，需要探索创新策略。这篇综述综合了临床前研究，重点关注可能提高治疗效果的新治疗靶点和策略。我们批判性地分析了特定 T 细胞亚群、细胞因子调节剂和细胞内信号通路在降低 aGVHD 严重程度方面的作用。重点放在阐明免疫耐受和生存改善机制的实验结果上。我们讨论将这些发现转化为潜在的临床试验，并评估实施这些策略的挑战和进展，包括可扩展性和对移植物抗白血病（GVL）效应的影响。我们的综述总结了临床前研究中的最新治疗靶点和策略针对 aGVHD，旨在弥合临床和实验医学之间的差距。通过整合免疫学、遗传学和细胞学，我们寻求加强将临床前发现转化为临床策略。这种多学科方法有望改善 aGVHD 治疗的患者结局，最终带来更有效、更安全的治疗。

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a major complication of post-allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) that severely impacts patient survival and quality of life. Despite advancements in standard care, therapeutic outcomes remain suboptimal, necessitating the exploration of innovative strategies.This review synthesizes preclinical research focusing on novel therapeutic targets and strategies that may enhance treatment efficacy. We critically analyzed the role of specific T-cell subsets, cytokine modulators, and intracellular signaling pathways in reducing aGVHD severity. Emphasis is placed on experimental findings that illuminate the mechanisms of immune tolerance and survival improvement. We discuss the translation of these findings into potential clinical trials and evaluate the challenges and progress in implementing these strategies, including scalability and impact on the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect.Our review summarizes the latest therapeutic targets and strategies in preclinical research for aGVHD, aiming to bridge the gap between clinical and experimental medicine. By integrating immunology, genetics, and cytology, we seek to enhance the translation of preclinical findings into clinical strategies. This multidisciplinary approach is expected to improve patient outcomes in aGVHD treatment, ultimately leading to more effective and safer therapies.