肠道微生物组在癌症的发生、进展和治疗中发挥着关键作用。随着人们对微生物组-免疫-癌症相互作用的兴趣日益浓厚，粪便微生物移植（FMT）模型的流行率也相应增加。然而，当前的文献没有提供足够的细节或一致的方法来实现必要的严谨性和实验再现性。在这篇综述中，我们评估了使用 FMT 来调查肠道微生物组与各种癌症之间关系的关键研究。此外，随着该领域更频繁地使用 FMT，我们将讨论这些实验的常见缺陷以及改进标准化和验证的方法。最后，本综述重点关注肠道和肠外微生物、益生元、益生菌和后生元对多种肿瘤类型的癌症风险和治疗反应的影响。 新

The gut microbiome plays a critical role in the development, progression, and treatment of cancer. As interest in microbiome-immune-cancer interactions expands, the prevalence of fecal microbial transplant (FMT) models has increased proportionally. However, current literature does not provide adequate details or consistent approaches to allow for necessary rigor and experimental reproducibility. In this review, we evaluate key studies using FMT to investigate the relationship between the gut microbiome and various types of cancer. In addition, we will discuss the common pitfalls of these experiments and methods for improved standardization and validation as the field uses FMT with greater frequency. Finally, this review focuses on the impacts of the gut and extraintestinal microbes, prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics in cancer risk and response to therapy across a variety of tumor types.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The microbiome impacts the onset, progression, and therapy response of certain types of cancer. Fecal microbial transplants (FMTs) are an increasingly prevalent tool to test these mechanisms that require standardization by the field.