免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs）彻底改变了癌症治疗。然而，ICIs 可能会增加对非肿瘤细胞的免疫反应，可能导致动脉炎症增加，从而增加动脉粥样硬化事件的风险。然而，恶性肿瘤可能会诱发促炎症状态，而 ICI 与动脉炎症之间的关联仍有待阐明。本研究旨在评估接受 ICI 治疗的晚期黑色素瘤患者与未接受 ICI 治疗的对照组相比，动脉炎症增加的差异。 晚期黑色素瘤患者在基线、6 个月 (T1) 和这项回顾性观察研究纳入了 18 个月（T2）。通过计算目标与背景比（TBR）来评估八个节段的动脉炎症。主要研究结果是接受和未接受 ICI 治疗的患者之间平均 TBRmax 增加的差异。我们纳入了 132 名患者，其中 72.7% 接受了 ICI 治疗。排除使用抗炎药物后，接受 ICI 治疗的患者在基线和 T1 之间的平均 TBRmax 显着增加，从 1.29 ± 0.12 增加到 1.33 ± 0.13 (p = 0.017)，而在对照组中，平均 TBRmax 没有变化。观察到 TBRmax（1.30 ± 0.12 至 1.28 ± 0.10，p = 0.22）（p = 0.027）。在较长的随访期间，两组的平均 TBRmax 保持稳定。在 ICI 治疗后，无活动性炎症的患者 (p < 0.001) 和无钙化的患者 (p = 0.013) 的动脉炎症显着增加。根据 [18F]FDG PET/CT 测量，在晚期患者中观察到动脉炎症显着增加。黑色素瘤仅在开始治疗后的前六个月内接受 ICI 治疗，而对照组没有观察到任何变化。此外，动脉炎症主要在没有预先存在炎症活动和非钙化病变的患者中增加。版权所有 © 2024 作者。由 Elsevier B.V. 出版。保留所有权利。

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) revolutionized cancer treatment. However, ICIs may increase the immune response to non-tumor cells, possibly resulting in increased arterial inflammation, raising the risk of atherosclerotic events. Nevertheless, malignancies may induce a pro-inflammatory state and the association between ICIs and arterial inflammation remains to be clarified. This study aims to assess differences in increase in arterial inflammation between patients with advanced melanoma treated with ICIs compared to a control group without ICIs.Patients with advanced melanoma who underwent [18F]FDG PET/CT scans at baseline, 6 months (T1) and 18 months (T2) were included in this retrospective observational study. Arterial inflammation was evaluated in eight segments by calculating the target-to-background ratio (TBR). The primary study outcome was the difference in increase in mean TBRmax between patients treated with and without ICIs.We included 132 patients of whom 72.7 % were treated with ICIs. After exclusion for the use of anti-inflammatory medication, patients treated with ICIs showed a significant increase in mean TBRmax between baseline and T1 from 1.29 ± 0.12 to 1.33 ± 0.13 (p = 0.017), while in the control group, no change in mean TBRmax (1.30 ± 0.12 to 1.28 ± 0.10, p = 0.22) was observed (p = 0.027). During longer follow-up, mean TBRmax remained stable in both groups. Arterial inflammation increased significantly after ICI therapy in patients without active inflammation (p < 0.001) and in patients without calcifications (p = 0.013).A significant increase in arterial inflammation as measured on [18F]FDG PET/CT was observed in patients with advanced melanoma treated with ICIs only in the first six months after initiation of therapy, whereas no changes were observed in the control group. Moreover, arterial inflammation was mainly increased in patients without pre-existing inflammatory activity and with non-calcified lesions.Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.