组织微环境乳酸水平的评估已成为微循环和早期器官功能障碍的重要指标。乳酰化修饰与乳酸浓度密切相关，代表了一种针对蛋白质赖氨酸残基的新型翻译后改变。翻译后修饰是能够调节蛋白质活性和功能的化学变化，是增强蛋白质组多样性和影响各种生命过程的快速机制。虽然以前的研究主要集中在组蛋白乳酰化上，但最近的研究揭示了非组蛋白蛋白质上乳酰化的发生，对基因表达和细胞间通讯产生显着影响。乳酰化与胚胎发育、神经元兴奋性、炎症反应、心血管疾病、肿瘤进展、侵袭和衰老等多种疾病有关。因此，乳酰化在许多病理条件下成为关键调节剂。本综述深入探讨了乳酰化和疾病发病机制的机制，阐明了乳酰化在疾病进展中的多方面作用，并确定了与乳酰化相关的新治疗靶点，为未来的临床干预提供了潜在的途径。

Assessment of tissue microenvironment lactate levels has emerged as a crucial indicator of microcirculation and early organ dysfunction. Lactylation modification, closely associated with lactate concentration, represents a novel post-translational alteration targeting protein lysine residues. Post-translational modifications are chemical changes capable of modulating protein activity and functionality, serving as a rapid mechanism for enhancing proteomic diversity and influencing various life processes. While previous research primarily focused on histone lactylation, recent studies have revealed the occurrence of lactylation on non-histone proteins, exerting significant effects on gene expression and intercellular communication. Lactylation has been implicated in diverse diseases spanning embryonic development, neuronal excitability, inflammatory responses, cardiovascular conditions, tumor progression, invasion, and aging. Hence, lactylation emerges as a pivotal regulator in numerous pathological conditions. This review delves into the mechanisms underlying lactylation and disease pathogenesis, elucidates the multifaceted roles of lactylation in disease progression, and identifies novel therapeutic targets related to lactylation, offering potential avenues for future clinical interventions.