少突胶质细胞是中枢神经系统的髓鞘形成细胞。脑损伤和神经退行性疾病往往导致少突胶质细胞死亡和随后的脱髓鞘相关病理变化，从而导致神经缺陷和认知障碍（Spaas等，2021；Zhang J等，2022）。多发性硬化症（MS）是一种主要的中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病。 MS 的病理学特征是大脑、脑干和脊髓中髓磷脂、少突胶质细胞和轴突的丧失，以及白质病变（Lassmann 等，2007）。不幸的是，目前还没有开发出针对多发性硬化症的明确治疗方法。免疫调节和抗炎药物在多发性硬化症的复发缓解期有效，因为它们可以减少复发频率和炎性病变的形成；然而，它们并不能改变进展性多发性硬化症的病程，也不足以治愈慢性神经功能障碍（Xiao et al., 2015；Zhang et al., 2021）。对于原发性和继发性进展的多发性硬化症患者来说，治疗结果甚至更差。间充质干细胞（MSC）是可以自我更新并表现出多谱系分化的基质细胞。间充质干细胞易于在体外扩增，免疫原性低，无致瘤风险，且无伦理争议，使其成为再生医学的有前途的候选者（Zhang L et al., 2022; Xu et al., 2023）。许多研究已证实间充质干细胞在某些条件下具有神经分化潜力，使其成为治疗神经退行性疾病的主要候选者（Jang et al., 2010; Yan et al., 2013）。本研究调查了我们之前的工作中分离的颅骨骨髓间充质干细胞 (cBMMSC) 和少突胶质细胞特异性蛋白 2 阳性 (Olig2) 单集落衍生的 cBMMSC (sc-cBMMSC) 的作用 (Yang 等人，2017)。 ，2022），在中枢神经系统脱髓鞘小鼠模型中。

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. Brain injury and neurodegenerative disease often lead to oligodendrocyte death and subsequent demyelination-related pathological changes, resulting in neurological defects and cognitive impairment (Spaas et al., 2021; Zhang J et al., 2022). Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a major demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The pathology of MS is characterized by the loss of myelin, oligodendrocytes, and axons in the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord, as well as by white matter lesions (Lassmann et al., 2007). Unfortunately, no definitive cure for MS has been developed. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory drugs are effective in the relapsing-remitting phase of MS because they reduce the frequency of relapses and the formation of inflammatory lesions; however, they do not alter the course of progressive MS and are insufficient to cure chronic neurological dysfunction (Xiao et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2021). The treatment outcome is even worse for MS patients with primary and secondary progressions. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are stromal cells that can self-renew and exhibit multilineage differentiation. MSCs are easy to expand in vitro and exhibit low immunogenicity, no tumorigenic risks, and ethical controversies, making them a promising candidate for regenerative medicine (Zhang L et al., 2022; Xu et al., 2023). Many studies have confirmed the neural differentiation potential of MSCs under certain conditions, making them a prime candidate for treating neurodegenerative diseases (Jang et al., 2010; Yan et al., 2013). The present study investigated the effects of cranial bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (cBMMSCs) and oligodendrocyte-specific protein 2-positive (Olig2+) single-colony-derived cBMMSC (sc-cBMMSC), isolated in our previous work (Yang et al., 2022), in a central nervous system demyelination mouse model.