海洋天然产物具有独特的化学结构和种类繁多的生物活性。本综述旨在总结软海绵素（一种海洋天然产物）及其合成类似物及其治疗特性和机制。软海绵素及其类似物源自海绵，具有有效的抗肿瘤特性，使其成为癌症治疗的有希望的候选者。这些化合物以其复杂的分子结构为特征，在抑制微管动力学方面表现出显着的功效，导致各种癌细胞系的细胞周期停滞和凋亡。软海绵素 B、C、去甲软海绵素 B 和高软海绵素 B 等几种软海绵素已被发现具有相似的抗癌和抗肿瘤特性。由于天然可用的软海绵素在合成中存在障碍，合成方法的最新进展使得几种软海绵素类似物得以开发，例如 E7389（艾日布林），其显示出改善的治疗指数。艾日布林通过多种机制显示出优异的免疫调节特性，例如重新编程肿瘤微环境、促进免疫细胞的浸润和激活以及抑制微管动力学。尽管结果令人鼓舞，但这些化合物的合成和临床应用仍然面临挑战。本综述探讨了软海绵素及其类似物在癌症治疗中的免疫调节活性的机制，以及它们的临床应用和未来药物开发的潜力。

Marine natural products comprise unique chemical structures and vast varieties of biological activities. This review aims to summarize halichondrin, a marine natural product, and its synthetic analogs along with its therapeutic properties and mechanisms. Halichondrin and its analogs, derived from marine sponges, exhibit potent antineoplastic properties, making them promising candidates for cancer therapeutics. These compounds, characterized by their complex molecular structures, have demonstrated significant efficacy in inhibiting microtubule dynamics, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. Several types of halichondrins such as halichondrins B, C, norhalichondrin B, and homohalichondrin B have been discovered with similar anticancer and antitumor characteristics. Since naturally available halichondrins show hurdles in synthesis, recent advancements in synthetic methodologies have enabled the development of several halichondrin analogs, such as E7389 (eribulin), which have shown improved therapeutic indices. Eribulin has shown excellent immunomodulatory properties by several mechanisms such as reprogramming tumor microenvironments, facilitating the infiltration and activation of immune cells, and inhibiting microtubule dynamics. Despite promising results, challenges remain in the synthesis and clinical application of these compounds. This review explores the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory activity of halichondrin and its analogs in cancer therapy, along with their clinical applications and potential for future drug development.