霍乱弧菌是一种革兰氏阴性细菌，被广泛认为是霍乱（一种急性腹泻病）的病因。虽然只有某些菌株能够引起霍乱，但非 O1/非 O139 霍乱弧菌菌株 (NOVC) 可导致非致病性定植或轻度疾病，例如胃肠炎。然而，在免疫功能低下的患者中，NOVC 可引起严重感染，包括罕见的菌血症，尤其是患有肝病、血液疾病和恶性肿瘤等基础疾病的患者。本病例报告介绍了一名 71 岁晚期肺癌患者出现 NOVC 菌血症的罕见病例，说明了临床表现、诊断挑战和所需的治疗干预措施。患者出现发热、乏力和神志不清，经血培养和分子分析证实患有NOVC引起的菌血症。静脉注射头孢曲松和环丙沙星治疗导致临床迅速改善并解决了感染。该病例以及类似事件的概述，强调了在对出现发热的免疫功能低下患者进行鉴别诊断时考虑 NOVC 的重要性，并强调了及时诊断和靶向抗菌治疗以取得良好结果的必要性。

Vibrio cholerae, a Gram-negative bacterium, is widely known as the cause of cholera, an acute diarrheal disease. While only certain strains are capable of causing cholera, non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae strains (NOVC) can lead to non-pathogenic colonization or mild illnesses such as gastroenteritis. In immunocompromised patients, however, NOVC can cause severe infections, including rare cases of bacteremia, especially in those with underlying conditions like liver disease, hematologic disorders, and malignancies. This case report presents a rare instance of NOVC bacteremia in a 71-year-old patient with advanced lung cancer, illustrating the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and treatment interventions required. The patient presented with fever, asthenia, and confusion, and was found to have bacteremia caused by NOVC, confirmed through blood cultures and molecular analysis. Treatment with intravenous ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin led to a rapid clinical improvement and resolution of the infection. This case, along with an overview of similar incidents, underscores the importance of considering NOVC in differential diagnoses for immunocompromised patients presenting with fever, and highlights the necessity of timely diagnosis and targeted antimicrobial therapy to achieve favorable outcomes.