杂食者、素食者和严格生食者对热处理食源性污染物的内源性暴露：2-和3-氯丙二醇（尿液排泄）及甘油酯（血红蛋白加合物N-2,3-二羟基丙基-缬氨酸）的生物标志物

Internal exposure to heat-induced food contaminants in omnivores, vegans and strict raw food eaters: biomarkers of exposure to 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol (urinary excretion) and glycidol (hemoglobin adduct N-2,3-dihydroxypropyl-Val)

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ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY

影响因子:6.9

分区:医学2区 / 毒理学1区

发表日期:2025 Jan

作者: Bernhard H Monien, Jan Kuhlmann, Fabian Gauch, Cornelia Weikert, Klaus Abraham

DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03880-6

摘要

脂肪酸酯类的2/3-氯丙二醇（2/3-MCPD）和甘油酯主要在植物油的热处理（脱臭）过程中形成，通过胃肠道中的脂肪酶水解，导致2/3-MCPD和甘油酯的吸收。国际癌症研究机构（IARC）将3-MCPD列为可能人类致癌物，将甘油酯列为可能致癌物。当前研究旨在阐明不同饮食习惯（杂食、素食、原食）与2/3-MCPD和甘油酯暴露的关系，以及2017至2021年间德国研究参与者的暴露变化。采用每日尿液中2/3-MCPD的排泄量和由甘油酯形成的血红蛋白加合物N-(2,3-二羟基丙基)-缬氨酸（DHP-Val）作为暴露生物标志物，在包括36名杂食者、36名素食者和16名严格生食者（至少四个月未食用任何加热食品）的两项饮食研究中检测。非吸烟的杂食者和素食者的中位尿液排泄量分别为0.87和1.35微克/天（2-MCPD），以及0.79和1.03微克/天（3-MCPD）。生食者的尿样中2/3-MCPD浓度通常低于检测限。非吸烟素食者和杂食者的DHP-Val中位水平均为3.9皮摩尔/克血红蛋白，生食者为1.9皮摩尔/克血红蛋白。2017至2021年间，3-MCPD和甘油酯的暴露未见变化，但2-MCPD的中位排泄量显著下降（p=0.02，杂食和素食合并分析）。四年前后每日排泄的2/3-MCPD之间的相关性较弱，而DHP-Val的相关性中等（rS=0.66）。总结来看，杂食者和素食者的甘油酯暴露水平相似，而2/3-MCPD在素食者中略高（虽未达到统计学显著性）。生食者尿样中几乎检测不到2/3-MCPD，但中位DHP-Val水平（约为杂食者的50%）提示存在一种与膳食无关的甘油酯来源。

Abstract

Fatty acid esters of 2/3-monochloropropanediol (2/3-MCPD) and glycidol are formed mainly during heat processing (deodorization) of vegetable oils, and are hydrolyzed by lipases in the gastrointestinal tract leading to the absorption of 2/3-MCPD and glycidol. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified 3-MCPD as possibly and glycidol as probably carcinogenic to humans. The aims of the current work were to clarify the exposure to 2/3-MCPD and glycidol associated with different dietary habits (omnivore, vegan, raw-food eating), and the exposure development between 2017 and 2021 in German study participants. The questions were addressed using the daily urinary excretion of 2/3-MCPD and the hemoglobin adduct N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-Val (DHP-Val) formed from glycidol as biomarkers of exposure, which were determined in two dietary studies including 36 omnivores, 36 vegans and 16 strict raw food eaters (abstaining from any heated food for at least four months). The median urinary excretion of 2- and 3-MCPD in non-smoking omnivores and vegans was 0.87 and 1.35 µg/day (2-MCPD), respectively, and 0.79 and 1.03 µg/day (3-MCPD), respectively. The 2/3-MCPD concentrations in urine samples of raw food eaters were usually below the limit of detection. The median DHP-Val levels in non-smoking vegans and omnivores were 3.9 pmol/g Hb each, and 1.9 pmol/g Hb in raw food eaters. Between 2017 and 2021, the exposure to 3-MCPD and glycidol did not change, however, the median 2-MCPD excretion decreased (p = 0.02, omnivores and vegans combined). The correlation between daily excretions of 2/3-MCPD determined 4 years apart was weak, whereas a moderate correlation was observed for DHP-Val (rS = 0.66) in this timeframe. In conclusion, the exposure to glycidol in omnivores and vegans was alike, whereas the 2/3-MCPD exposure was somewhat (albeit not significantly) higher in vegans. While 2/3-MCPD were hardly detectable in urine samples of raw food eaters, the median DHP-Val level (about 50% of those in omnivores) indicates a glycidol source independent of the dietary exposure.