肿瘤细胞中的级联转移表现出器官特异性倾向，可能发生在疾病的多个阶段，并在强烈的进化压力下进展。器官特异性转移依赖于转移前生态位（PMN）的形成，不同的细胞类型和复杂的细胞相互作用促成了这一概念，为传统的转移级联增添了新的维度。在转移扩散之前，作为 PMN 形成的协调者，原发肿瘤来源的细胞外囊泡为循环肿瘤细胞在远处继发部位的定居和定植准备了肥沃的微环境，从而显着影响癌症的进展和结果。显然，仅在巨转移后被动干预癌症转移部位往往是不够的。转移的早期预测和整体、宏观层面的控制代表了癌症治疗的未来方向。这篇综述强调了随着癌症进展而发生的动态和复杂的系统性改变，阐明了器官特异性 PMN 产生的免疫学景观，并加深了对与转移相关的治疗方式的理解，从而确定了一些有利于早期预测癌症发生的预后和预测生物标志物。转移并设计适当的治疗组合。© 2024。作者。

The cascade of metastasis in tumor cells, exhibiting organ-specific tendencies, may occur at numerous phases of the disease and progress under intense evolutionary pressures. Organ-specific metastasis relies on the formation of pre-metastatic niche (PMN), with diverse cell types and complex cell interactions contributing to this concept, adding a new dimension to the traditional metastasis cascade. Prior to metastatic dissemination, as orchestrators of PMN formation, primary tumor-derived extracellular vesicles prepare a fertile microenvironment for the settlement and colonization of circulating tumor cells at distant secondary sites, significantly impacting cancer progression and outcomes. Obviously, solely intervening in cancer metastatic sites passively after macrometastasis is often insufficient. Early prediction of metastasis and holistic, macro-level control represent the future directions in cancer therapy. This review emphasizes the dynamic and intricate systematic alterations that occur as cancer progresses, illustrates the immunological landscape of organ-specific PMN creation, and deepens understanding of treatment modalities pertinent to metastasis, thereby identifying some prognostic and predictive biomarkers favorable to early predict the occurrence of metastasis and design appropriate treatment combinations.© 2024. The Author(s).