年龄相关变化导致细胞和分子变化的连锁反应，进而导致免疫系统功能失调或异常激活，使个体容易患上年龄相关疾病。这种现象通常称为免疫衰老，突出了与年龄相关的免疫系统逐渐衰退。此外，越来越多的证据表明，免疫衰老对于一种称为“炎老化”的相关病理现象起着贡献作用。炎老化指的是与年龄相关的慢性、低水平和全身性炎症，尽管没有明显的刺激。在人体内，炎症通常会对细菌/微生物侵入或病理状态做出反应，然而炎老化的发生及其基础机制似乎是独立的，并且在没有此类刺激的情况下。尽管在分子表征和疾病相关性审查方面取得了最近的进展，但这两个相互关联的概念仍然大多未被探索和认可。在本综述中，我们旨在阐明免疫衰老和炎老化的机制和细胞方面，以及它们在老化相关疾病的发病机制中的关键作用，包括癌症、感染、痴呆和神经退行性疾病。Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. 版权所有。

Age-related changes initiate a cascade of cellular and molecular alterations that lead to immune system dysfunction or abnormal activation, predisposing individuals to age-related diseases. This phenomenon, commonly referred to as immunosenescence, highlighting aging-associated progressive decline of the immune system. Moreover, mounting evidence suggests that immunosenescence contributes to a related pathological phenomenon known as inflammaging. Inflammaging refers to chronic, low-grade, and systemic inflammation associated with aging, occurring despite the absence of overt stimuli. In the body, inflammation is typically activated in response to overt stimuli such as bacterial/microbial invasion or a pathological state, however, inflammaging occurrence and its underpinning mechansisms seem to be independent and in the absence of such stimuli. Despite recent advancements in molecular characterization and the scrutiny of disease relevance, these two interconnected concepts have remained largely unexplored and unrecognized. In this comprehensive review, we aim to shed light on the mechanistic and cellular aspects of immunosenescence and inflammaging, as well as their pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of aging-related diseases, including cancer, infections, dementia, and neurodegenerative disorders.Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.