视网膜母细胞瘤被认为是一种致命但可治愈的恶性肿瘤，通常出现在儿童时期。我们调查了 1990 年至 2021 年期间全球、区域和国家婴幼儿负担。我们从全球疾病负担、伤害和2021 年风险因素研究。使用连接点回归分析趋势以计算年度百分比变化。采用 Spearman 等级相关和局部估计散点图平滑回归来评估视网膜母细胞瘤负担与社会人口统计学指数之间的关系。 2021 年，视网膜母细胞瘤的全球发病率、患病率、死亡率和 DALY 为 0.82（95% 不确定区间 [UI]，0.48-分别为 1.10）、7.46（95% UI，4.42-10.08）、0.37（95% UI，0.22-0.51）和 32.81（95% UI，19.9-45.21）。 1990年至2021年，视网膜母细胞瘤的全球发病率和患病率有所增加，平均年百分比变化（AAPC）为0.67（95%置信区间[CI]，0.49-0.85）和0.68（95% CI，0.50-0.86），相反，相关死亡率和 DALY 分别下降，AAPC 分别为 -0.64（95% CI，-0.79 至 -0.49）和 -0.63（95% CI，-0.78 至 -0.48）。社会人口统计学指数与视网膜母细胞瘤负担之间存在负相关性。视网膜母细胞瘤检测和治疗的进步增加了其报告的发病率和患病率，同时降低了其死亡率和伤残调整生命年（DALY）。在低收入国家，发病率有所下降，可能反映了医疗保健服务有限和报告不足等挑战，需要有针对性的干预措施和改善医疗保健服务。

Retinoblastoma is considered a lethal but curable malignancy often presenting in childhood. We investigated its global, regional, and national burden among infants and young children from 1990 to 2021.We obtained data on retinoblastoma incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021. Trends were analysed using joinpoint regression to calculate annual percentage changes. Spearman's rank correlation and locally estimated scatterplot smoothing regression were used to assess the relationship between retinoblastoma burden and sociodemographic index.In 2021, the global incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs of retinoblastoma were 0.82 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 0.48-1.10), 7.46 (95% UI, 4.42-10.08), 0.37 (95% UI, 0.22-0.51), and 32.81 (95% UI, 19.9-45.21), respectively. From 1990 to 2021, the global incidence and prevalence rates of retinoblastoma increased, with average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) of 0.67 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49-0.85] and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.50-0.86), respectively. Conversely, those of related mortality and DALYs decreased, with AAPCs of -0.64 (95% CI, -0.79 to -0.49) and -0.63 (95% CI, -0.78 to -0.48), respectively. Children aged 2-4 years and those in low-income regions exhibited the highest burden. Negative correlations were found between sociodemographic index and retinoblastoma burden.Advancements in retinoblastoma detection and treatment have increased its reported incidence and prevalence while reducing its mortality and DALYs. Nonetheless, substantial socioeconomic and geographic disparities persist. In low-income countries, the incidence has decreased, possibly reflecting challenges such as limited healthcare access and underreporting, necessitating targeted interventions and improved healthcare access.National Key R&D Project of China (2020YFA0112701), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2024A1515013058), and Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China (202206080005).© 2024 The Authors.