尽管在筛查和预防方面取得了进展，但宫颈癌（CC）仍然是一个尚未解决的公共卫生问题，并构成了重大的全球挑战，特别是对于低收入地区的女性而言。人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染，尤其是高危病毒株，是宫颈癌发生的主要驱动因素。新出现的证据表明，将 HPV 检测与宫颈细胞学和目视检查等现有方法相结合，可以提高 CC 筛查的敏感性和特异性。 HPV 感染相关生物标志物，包括 HPV E6/E7 癌基因、p16^INK4a、DNA 甲基化特征和非编码 RNA，为疾病进展和个性化干预措施的开发提供了宝贵的见解。针对 HPV 的预防性和治疗性疫苗接种，以及针对 HPV 相关病变使用抗病毒和免疫调节药物等三级预防策略，显示出巨大的临床潜力。在机制层面，单细胞 RNA 测序分析和 HPV 感染类器官模型的开发为 HPV 相关 CC 发病机制提供了新的细胞和分子见解。本综述重点关注 HPV 在预防、诊断和治疗 CC 中的关键作用，特别强调筛查和疾病干预方面的最新进展。© 作者 2024。由牛津大学出版社代表研究所出版中国科学院上海生命科学研究院生物化学与细胞生物学研究所。

Despite advances in screening and prevention, cervical cancer (CC) remains an unresolved public health issue and poses a significant global challenge, particularly for women in low-income regions. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, especially with the high-risk strains, is a primary driver of cervical carcinogenesis. Emerging evidence indicates that integrating HPV testing with existing approaches, such as cervical cytology and visual inspection, offers enhanced sensitivity and specificity in CC screening. HPV infection-associated biomarkers, including HPV E6/E7 oncogenes, p16^INK4a, DNA methylation signatures, and non-coding RNAs, offer valuable insights into disease progression and the development of personalized interventions. Preventive and therapeutic vaccination against HPV, along with tertiary prevention strategies such as the use of antiviral and immune-modulating drugs for HPV-related lesions, show great clinical potential. At the mechanistic level, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis and the development of organoid models for HPV infection provide new cellular and molecular insights into HPV-related CC pathogenesis. This review focuses on the crucial roles of HPV in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CC, with particular emphasis on the latest advancements in screening and disease intervention.© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.