膀胱癌（BCa）是泌尿系统最常见的恶性肿瘤。由于缺乏对肿瘤异质性的考虑，目前的治疗方法往往疗效不佳，并且复发和进展的风险很高。患者来源的类器官（PDO）是三维组织培养物，比癌细胞系更好地保留肿瘤异质性和临床相关性。此外，与患者来源的肿瘤异种移植物相比，PDO 的培养更具成本效益和效率，同时密切反映其来源组织的组织和遗传特征。 PDO 的开发涉及样品选择和处理、培养基优化、基质选择和培养方法改进等关键步骤。本综述总结了从 BCa 患者中生成 PDO 的方法，并讨论了药物敏感性测试、免疫治疗、活体生物库、药物筛选和机制研究的当前进展，强调了它们在推进个性化医疗中的作用。版权所有 © 2024。由 Elsevier B.V. 出版。

Bladder cancer (BCa) is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system. Current treatments often have poor efficacy and carry a high risk of recurrence and progression due to the lack of consideration of tumor heterogeneity. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) are three-dimensional tissue cultures that preserve tumor heterogeneity and clinical relevance better than cancer cell lines. Moreover, PDOs are more cost-effective and efficient to cultivate compared to patient-derived tumor xenografts, while closely mirroring the tissue and genetic characteristics of their source tissues. The development of PDOs involves critical steps such as sample selection and processing, culture medium optimization, matrix selection, and improvements in culture methods. This review summarizes the methodologies for generating PDOs from patients with BCa and discusses the current advancements in drug sensitivity testing, immunotherapy, living biobanks, drug screening, and mechanistic studies, highlighting their role in advancing personalized medicine.Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.