肺部炎症涉及免疫细胞和炎症介质对损伤和感染的反应的激活。当炎症持续存在时，常驻肺细胞的成纤维细胞会被激活，导致肺纤维化（PF）、伤口愈合异常以及肺泡上皮的长期损伤。这种持续的炎症和纤维化也会增加患肺癌的风险，因此需要创新的治疗方法。目前的疗法，例如吸入皮质类固醇（ICS）和化疗，有很大的局限性。尽管传统的纳米颗粒（NP）为治疗肺部疾病提供了一种有前景的途径，但它们的选择性和稳定性有限。聚乙二醇（PEG）接枝可以阻止纳米颗粒聚集和吞噬，从而延长其循环时间。当与靶向配体结合时，聚乙二醇化纳米粒子可以将药物精确地递送至特定细胞或组织。此外，pH 敏感的纳米粒子具有选择性地将药物递送至炎症或肿瘤酸性环境的优势，从而减少副作用。这些纳米颗粒可以根据 pH 值变化改变其尺寸、形状或表面电荷，从而提高药物输送效率。本综述探讨了聚乙二醇化技术、pH 敏感纳米粒子中使用的聚合物及其在肺部炎症、纤维化和癌症方面的治疗应用。通过利用创新的 NP 技术，研究人员可以开发针对呼吸系统疾病的有效疗法，解决未满足的医疗需求并改善患者的治疗效果。版权所有 © 2024。由 Elsevier B.V. 出版。

Lung inflammation involves the activation of immune cells and inflammatory mediators in response to injury and infection. When inflammation persists, fibroblasts, which are resident lung cells, become activated, leading to pulmonary fibrosis (PF), abnormal wound healing, and long-term damage to the alveolar epithelium. This persistent inflammation and fibrosis can also elevate the risk of lung cancer, emphasizing the need for innovative treatments. Current therapies, such as inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and chemotherapy, have significant limitations. Although conventional nanoparticles (NPs) provide a promising avenue for treating lung disorders, they have limited selectivity and stability. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) grafting can prevent NP aggregation and phagocytosis, thus prolonging their circulation time. When combined with targeting ligands, PEGylated NPs can deliver drugs precisely to specific cells or tissues. Moreover, pH-sensitive NPs offer the advantage of selective drug delivery to inflammatory or tumor-acidic environments, reducing side effects. These NPs can change their size, shape, or surface charge in response to pH variations, improving drug delivery efficiency. This review examines the techniques of PEGylation, the polymers used in pH-sensitive NPs, and their therapeutic applications for lung inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer. By harnessing innovative NP technologies, researchers can develop effective therapies for respiratory conditions, addressing unmet medical needs and enhancing patient outcomes.Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.