对辐射引起的损伤，辐射诱导的近端事件和细胞死亡的传感器的全面综述
A comprehensive review of sensors of radiation-induced damage, radiation-induced proximal events, and cell death
影响因子:8.30000
分区:医学2区 / 免疫学2区
发表日期:2025 Jan
作者:
Saurabh Saini, Prajwal Gurung
摘要
辐射是地球环境的普遍组成部分，分为非电离和电离形式。尽管非电离辐射是相对无害的，但电离辐射具有足够的能量来电离原子和破坏DNA，从而导致细胞损伤，突变，癌症和细胞死亡。在核技术和医疗应用中，广泛使用放射性核素和电离辐射引起了全球关注，其引起急性和慢性病的能力。电离辐射通过链断裂并通过产生活性氧（ROS）和反应性氮种（RNS）而直接通过链断裂或间接诱导DNA损伤，这是通过水的辐射分解。这种损害触发了复杂的细胞反应，涉及识别DNA损伤，细胞周期停滞，DNA修复机制，促炎细胞因子的释放和细胞死亡。这篇综述着重于辐射引起的细胞损伤的机制，识别DNA损伤和随后的修复过程激活以及先天免疫反应在损伤解决中的关键作用。重点放在检测损伤相关的分子模式（湿）并启动下游信号通路的模式识别受体（PRR）和相关受体上。介绍了辐射诱导的细胞死亡途径。了解这些过程对于制定策略来减轻辐射的有害影响并改善治疗结果。
Abstract
Radiation, a universal component of Earth's environment, is categorized into non-ionizing and ionizing forms. While non-ionizing radiation is relatively harmless, ionizing radiation possesses sufficient energy to ionize atoms and disrupt DNA, leading to cell damage, mutation, cancer, and cell death. The extensive use of radionuclides and ionizing radiation in nuclear technology and medical applications has sparked global concern for their capacity to cause acute and chronic illnesses. Ionizing radiation induces DNA damage either directly through strand breaks and base change or indirectly by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) via radiolysis of water. This damage triggers a complex cellular response involving recognition of DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair mechanisms, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cell death. This review focuses on the mechanisms of radiation-induced cellular damage, recognition of DNA damage and subsequent activation of repair processes, and the critical role of the innate immune response in resolution of the injury. Emphasis is placed on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and related receptors that detect damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and initiate downstream signaling pathways. Radiation-induced cell death pathways are discussed in detail. Understanding these processes is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate the harmful effects of radiation and improve therapeutic outcomes.