解读纳米结构在广泛应用的先进技术中的重要性对人类和环境具有深远的影响。成本效益高、含量丰富的氧化钴纳米粒子 (NP) 因其高化学稳定性和生物相容性而成为生物医学领域最具吸引力和广泛使用的材料之一。然而，用于开发纳米​​粒子的方法对人类健康和环境有害。本文精确研究了采用植物提取物和微生物来源的多种绿色合成方法，阐明了其机理和生态友好属性，更强调生物相容性及其面临的挑战和进一步研究的途径。通过各种表征技术对合成的氧化钴纳米颗粒进行深入分析，揭示了其多方面的功能，包括细胞毒性、杀幼虫、抗利什曼原虫、溶血、抗凝、溶栓、抗癌和药物传感能力。这篇具有启发性和远见的文章帮助研究人员为推进纳米材料合成的可持续实践做出贡献，并说明了生物来源的氧化钴纳米颗粒在促进生物医学应用的绿色高效技术方面的潜力。该期刊版权所有©英国皇家化学学会。

Deciphering the importance of nanostructures in advanced technologies for a broad application spectrum has far-reaching implications for humans and the environment. Cost-effective, abundant cobalt oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are among the most attractive and extensively utilized materials in biomedical sciences due to their high chemical stability, and biocompatibility. However, the methods used to develop the NPs are hazardous for human health and the environment. This article precisely examines diverse green synthesis methods employing plant extracts and microbial sources, shedding light on their mechanism, and eco-friendly attributes with more emphasis on biocompatible properties accompanied by their challenges and avenues for further research. An in-depth analysis of the synthesized cobalt oxide NPs by various characterization techniques reveals their multifaceted functionalities including cytotoxicity, larvicidal, antileishmanial, hemolytic, anticoagulating, thrombolytic, anticancer and drug sensing abilities. This revelatory and visionary article helps researchers to contribute to advancing sustainable practices in nanomaterial synthesis and illustrates the potential of biogenically derived cobalt oxide NPs in fostering green and efficient technologies for biomedical applications.This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.