近年来，随着嵌合抗原受体（CAR）T细胞治疗血液肿瘤的突破性成就以及细胞工程技术的进步，其他免疫细胞的探索受到了广泛关注。 CAR 疗法不仅限于 T 细胞，还包括 CAR 自然杀伤 (NK) 细胞和 CAR 巨噬细胞，这些细胞在临床试验领域已得到牢固确立。不太传统的免疫细胞也正在进入场景，例如 CAR 粘膜相关不变 T (MAIT) 细胞。这一进展正在推动精准医学的发展，并促进即用型生物疗法的开发。然而，鉴于自然杀伤细胞的独特特征，过继性NK细胞免疫疗法已成为一种通用的、同种异体的、“现成的”治疗策略。 CAR-NK细胞毒性细胞具有靶向肿瘤特异性，但似乎没有与CAR-T细胞相关的副作用。 CAR-NK 细胞似乎是癌症免疫治疗的潜在候选者。然而，它们的应用受到重大挑战的阻碍，特别是 CAR-NK 细胞在体内的持久性有限，这对其治疗癌症的持续有效性构成了障碍。基于此，本文讨论了CAR-T细胞和CAR-NK细胞在血液肿瘤中的现状和应用，并对这两类基因改造免疫细胞的结构、遗传学和临床结果进行了比较分析。 cells.版权所有 © 2024 Andrea、Chiron、Sarrabayrouse、Bessoles 和 Hacein-Bey-Abina。

In recent years, following the groundbreaking achievements of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in hematological cancers, and advancements in cell engineering technologies, the exploration of other immune cells has garnered significant attention. CAR-Therapy extended beyond T cells to include CAR natural killer (NK) cells and CAR-macrophages, which are firmly established in the clinical trial landscape. Less conventional immune cells are also making their way into the scene, such as CAR mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. This progress is advancing precision medicine and facilitating the development of ready-to-use biological treatments. However, in view of the unique features of natural killer cells, adoptive NK cell immunotherapy has emerged as a universal, allogenic, "off-the shelf" therapeutic strategy. CAR-NK cytotoxic cells present targeted tumor specificity but seem to be devoid of the side effects associated with CAR-T cells. CAR-NK cells appear to be potentially promising candidates for cancer immunotherapy. However, their application is hindered by significant challenges, particularly the limited persistence of CAR-NK cells in the body, which poses a hurdle to their sustained effectiveness in treating cancer. Based upon the foregoing, this review discusses the current status and applications of both CAR-T cells and CAR-NK cells in hematological cancers, and provides a comparative analysis of the structure, genetics, and clinical outcomes between these two types of genetically modified immune cells.Copyright © 2024 Andrea, Chiron, Sarrabayrouse, Bessoles and Hacein-Bey-Abina.