卵巢癌是全球最常见、死亡率最高的妇科恶性肿瘤。这种低存活率可归因于以下事实：症状仅在疾病晚期出现，其特征是腹膜腔内（微）转移扩散。放射性药物由靶向部分与诊断或治疗放射性核素结合组成，构成了一种相对尚未充分开发的治疗诊断方法，可以改善当前的护理标准。有效的患者分层、随访和治疗是几个需要注意的问题，可以通过治疗诊断来解决，以改善患者的治疗结果。到目前为止，大部分研究都处于临床前水平，并且经常停止在临床前水平，采用原发性和转移性腹膜疾病的小鼠模型，这些模型不一定能准确表示疾病的异质性、（内在）耐药性或与腹膜疾病之间复杂的生理相互作用。肿瘤微环境。具有治疗性 α 和电子发射放射性核素的放射免疫缀合物已成为普遍标准，针对在卵巢癌的各种异质组织学亚型中表达的无数细胞膜标记物。显然，临床前研究中存在一些障碍，可能会阻碍这些药物进入临床实践。另一方面，核医学领域也出现了重大创新，以解决与靶点/配体识别、临床前研究模型、放射化学、放射性药剂学和剂量测定相关的缺点，如本综述所述。总而言之，治疗诊断学有望解决卵巢癌未得到满足的医疗需求。© 作者。

Ovarian cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy worldwide with the highest mortality. This low survival rate can be attributed to the fact that symptoms arise only at an advanced disease stage, characterized by a (micro)metastatic spread across the peritoneal cavity. Radiopharmaceuticals, composed of a targeting moiety coupled with either a diagnostic or therapeutic radionuclide, constitute a relatively underexplored theranostic approach that may improve the current standard of care. Efficient patient stratification, follow-up and treatment are several caveats that could be addressed with theranostics to improve patient outcomes. So far, the bulk of research is situated and often halted at the preclinical level, employing murine models of primary and metastatic peritoneal disease that do not necessarily provide an accurate representation of the disease heterogeneity, (intrinsic) drug resistance or the complex physiological interactions with the tumor microenvironment. Radioimmunoconjugates with therapeutic α- and electron-emitting radionuclides have been the prevailing standard, targeting a myriad of cell-membrane markers that are expressed in the various heterogeneous histological subtypes of ovarian cancer. Evidently, several hurdles exist within preclinical research that are potentially withholding these agents from advancing into clinical practice. On the other hand, the field of nuclear medicine has also seen significant innovation to address shortcomings related to target/ligand identification, preclinical research models, radiochemistry, radiopharmacy and dosimetry, as outlined in this review. Altogether, theranostics hold great promise to answer an unmet medical need for ovarian cancer.© The author(s).