癌症治疗的研究受益于能够以个性化方式模拟治疗反应和其他疾病特征的预测工具，特别是三维细胞培养模型。此类模型包括肿瘤来源的球体、多细胞球体（包括器官型多细胞球体）和肿瘤来源的类器官。此外，类器官可以从各种癌细胞类型中生长出来，例如多能干细胞和诱导多能干细胞、祖细胞和成体干细胞。尽管源自患者的异种移植物和基因工程小鼠模型在体内复制了人类疾病，但类器官在高通量环境中更便宜、劳动强度更低、耗时更少，这是最重要的方面。与体内模型一样，类器官模仿原发组织的三维结构、细胞异质性和功能，其优点是代表患者器官的正常氧条件。在这篇综述中，我们总结了类器官在疾病建模、药物发现、毒性测试和精准肿瘤学中的应用。我们还总结了当前使用类器官的临床试验。© 2024。作者获得 Springer Science Business Media, LLC（Springer Nature 的一部分）的独家许可。

Research on cancer therapies has benefited from predictive tools capable of simulating treatment response and other disease characteristics in a personalized manner, in particular three-dimensional cell culture models. Such models include tumor-derived spheroids, multicellular spheroids including organotypic multicellular spheroids, and tumor-derived organoids. Additionally, organoids can be grown from various cancer cell types, such as pluripotent stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, progenitor cells, and adult stem cells. Although patient-derived xenografts and genetically engineered mouse models replicate human disease in vivo, organoids are less expensive, less labor intensive, and less time-consuming, all-important aspects in high-throughput settings. Like in vivo models, organoids mimic the three-dimensional structure, cellular heterogeneity, and functions of primary tissues, with the advantage of representing the normal oxygen conditions of patient organs. In this review, we summarize the use of organoids in disease modeling, drug discovery, toxicity testing, and precision oncology. We also summarize the current clinical trials using organoids.© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.